NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF AMELIORATING IN SCHOOL EDUCATION AND TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA.

A well-de?ned and well-planned education policy helps a nation's economy and social position grow. Like that NEP 2020 is a progressive thought of the Indian education system. The policy accords the highest priority to achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy by all students by Grade 3. This study only analyses the School and Teacher Education reforms concerning NEP 2020 in India. The policy states, "The highest priority of the education system will be to achieve universal foundational literacy and numeracy in primary school by 2025 and to universalize education from pre-school to secondary level by 2030. It envisions an India-centric education system and the provision of quality education and equitable access to all students in a sustainable manner. The National Education Policy states that by 2030 the minimum educational qualification for teachers would be a four-year duration integrated B.Ed. degree. Though NEP 2020 has new targets to be achieved by 2035.

Equity in health benefit utilization and financial risk protection in outpatient and inpatient care: Baseline survey of two socioeconomic groups of a pilot primary care benefits scheme in the catchment areas of a university-based health facility

Background@#Health inequities in the Philippines are driven by health workforce maldistribution and health system fragmentation. These can be addressed by strengthening primary care through central social health insurance (PhilHealth) coverage. However, high reported PhilHealth population coverage and health provider accreditation have not necessarily increased health benefit utilization or financial risk protection.@*Objective@#This study aims to examine the impact of an enhanced, comprehensive primary care benefits package at a university-based health facility. This paper reports baseline utilization of health services and health benefits, and out-of-pocket health spending in two socioeconomic strata of the catchment population, for outpatient and inpatient services.@*Methods@#A questionnaire-guided survey was done among randomly selected faculty (higher income group) and non-faculty (lower income group) employees to determine the frequencies and costs of using outpatient and inpatient health services, and amounts paid out-of-pocket.@*Results@#Annually, both groups had approximately 1 consultation/patient and about 15 hospitalizations per 100 families annually. For hospitalizations, non-faculty inpatients utilized health insurance more frequently than faculty inpatients (75.7% vs. 66.7%), but paid higher out-of-pocket proportions (73.3% or Php 92,479/hospitalization vs. 57.4% or Php 16,273/hospitalization). For outpatient care, health benefit utilization rates were higher among non-faculty (12.4% vs 2.1% of consultations) although low overall, with similar total (Php 2,319 vs Php 1,741) and out-of-pocket expenses (100%).@*Conclusion@#These findings confirm inequities in accessing outpatient and inpatient health services and utilizing health insurance benefits in the target population.

Cobertura y acceso a los servicios de salud para el abordaje de la tuberculosis / Coverage and access to health services for addressing Tuberculosis

RESUMEN Introducción: La estrategia cobertura universal podría contribuir a eliminar la tuberculosis como problema de salud. Objetivo: Actualizar los elementos teóricos sobre la cobertura y acceso a los servicios de salud para el abordaje de la tuberculosis. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica y documental en bases de datos digitales de ciencias de la salud. Se usaron los descriptores: "acceso", "servicios de salud", "tuberculosis". Los expertos seleccionaron y ordenaron los artículos por temáticas para realizar el análisis de contenidos. Resultados: Se presentan las diferentes perspectivas y críticas desde la noción de acceso equitativo de los servicios de salud. Esta podría ayudar a un abordaje integrador de la tuberculosis desde la lógica de justicia social y el derecho a la salud. Se enfatiza en la activación del principio de responsabilidad moral en todos los niveles del sistema y desde el punto de vista ético igual acceso real y efectivo a los cuidados de salud, preventivos y curativos, a través de su redistribución diferenciada. Estos elementos son sustrato para fortalecer las políticas de salud y su efectividad. Conclusiones: se actualizó los aspectos teóricos de acceso universal para el abordaje de la tuberculosis. Se evidenció que el enfoque de equidad de la lógica de justicia social y derecho a la salud constituye el punto de partida para actuar con un enfoque sociocultural sobre las desigualdades que influyen en la determinación social de esta enfermedad. La construcción de políticas para su eliminación necesita cambios en el pensar y actuar de todos los sectores de la comunidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The universal coverage strategy could contribute to eliminate tuberculosis as a health problem. Objective: To update the theoretical elements on universal coverage and access to health services for addressing Tuberculosis. Methodology: It was carried out a bibliographic and documentary review in digital databases of health sciences. The descriptors used were: "access", "health services", "tuberculosis". The experts selected and ordered the articles by topics to perform the content analysis. Results: Different perspectives and reviews were presented from the notion of equitable access to health services. This could help to have an integrative approach to tuberculosis from the logic of social justice and the right to health. Emphasis is placed on the activation of the principle of moral responsibility at all levels of the system and from the ethical point of view of equal real and effective access to health, preventive and curative care, through its differentiated redistribution. These elements are a substrate to strengthen health policies and their effectiveness. Conclusions: The theoretical aspects of universal access to address Tuberculosis were updated. It was evidenced that the equity approach of the logic of social justice and the right to health constitutes the starting point to act with a sociocultural approach on inequitable and avoidable inequalities that influence the social determination of this disease. The creation of policies for their elimination requires changes in the state of mind and acting of all sectors of the community.

Bioética del derecho al agua potable / Bioethics of the right to drinking water

Se observa también, que en la prestación del servicio domiciliario de agua potable en Colombia, servicio que ha de ser asumido como derechos humanos fundamental, hoy enColombia se conrroboran aspectos preocupantes en relación a la prestación de este servicio fundamental en los que se evidencia improvisación, manejo bajo la lógica del negocio y aplicación por ende de modelos inequitativos de prestación de servicios públicos.

It is observed that in the provision of the service of drinking water in Colombia, a service that has to be taken as a fundamental human right. Today in Colombia, worrying aspects as for the provision of this key service are corroborated, in which improvisation is made evident, which is carried out under the logics of business and the application, therefore, of inequitable models of the provision of public utilities.

Utilização de medicamentos genéricos no município de São Paulo em 2003: estudo de base populacional / Uso de medicamentos genéricos en San Paulo, Brasil, en 2003: estudio de base poblacional / Use of generic drugs in São Paulo city, Brazil, in 2003: a population-based study

OBJETIVO: analisar a utilização e a percepção sobre medicamentos genéricos pela população com diabetes e hipertensão na cidade de São Paulo, considerando-se a Política de Medicamentos Genéricos no Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal com dados do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (ISA-Capital), coletados em 2003; foi analisado o conhecimento sobre medicamentos genéricos e a associação entre utilização desses medicamentos e características sociodemográficas e socioeconômicas. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 603 participantes; entre hipertensos e diabéticos, foi encontrada baixa utilização de medicamento genérico (33,3% e 26,3%, respectivamente) e a principal vantagem atribuída ao medicamento genérico foi o baixo custo (71,0% e 71,1%, respectivamente); não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre uso de medicamento genérico e idade, sexo ou escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: o baixo custo e não haver diferença entre uso do genérico e escolaridade reforçam a importância do medicamento genérico para a promoção da equidade e do acesso universal a medicamentos.

OBJETIVO: analizar el uso de medicamentos genéricos en la población con diabetes e hipertensión en São Paulo, Brasil, considerando la política de medicamentos genéricos en Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta en Salud del municipio de São Paulo (ISA-Capital), colectados en 2003; se analizó el conocimiento sobre medicamentos genéricos y la asociación entre el uso de estos y las características sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas de la población. RESULTADOS: incluimos 603 participantes, entre hipertensos y diabéticos se encontró un uso escaso de genéricos (33,3% y 26,3%, respectivamente) y la principal ventaja atribuida al medicamento genérico fue el bajo costo (71,0% y 71,1%, respectivamente); no hubo diferencia entre el uso de medicación genérica y la edad, sexo o educación. CONCLUSIÓN: el bajo costo y ninguna diferencia entre el uso de genérico y educación refuerza la importancia de los genéricos para la promoción de la equidad y el acceso universal a los medicamentos.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the use and perception of generic drugs by people with diabetes and hypertension in São Paulo City, Brazil, considering the Brazilian Generic Drug Policy. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study using data from a household health survey (ISA-Capital) in 2003; analysis was performed on knowledge regarding generic drugs and on the association between their use and sociodemographic and socio-economic characteristics. RESULTS: 603 people with hypertension and diabetes were included in the study, low use of generic drugs was found (33.3% and 26.3, respectively) and low cost was the major reported advantage of generic drugs (71.0% and 71.1%, respectively); there was no statistically significant difference between the use of generic medication and age, sex or schooling. CONCLUSION: low cost and there being no difference between generic drug use and education level strengthen the importance of generic drugs for promoting equity and universal access to medication.